Government implements quick-win measures to plug procurement loopholes and releases Audit Commission’s management letter

Source: Hong Kong Government special administrative region – 4

The Secretary for Financial Services and the Treasury, Mr Christopher Hui, announced today (October 20) that the Government Logistics Department (GLD) had implemented six quick-win measures focusing on three aspects, namely institutional change, enhancement of cross-departmental information exchanges and reshaping of work culture, as proposed by the Task Force on Review of Government Procurement Regime (Task Force) to plug loopholes in government procurement procedures as soon as possible. Furthermore, the Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau (FSTB) released in full the management letter submitted by the Audit Commission on its review of the incident on the Government’s procurement of bottled drinking water to demonstrate the Government’s transparency in handling the incident and its commitment to revamp its procurement and contract management regime.
 
Mr Hui said, “While the incident on the procurement of bottled drinking water clearly involved suspected fraudulent acts by a particular company, it also revealed that the perceptiveness and alertness of the relevant officers in conducting due diligence checks and addressing potential fraudulent acts could not adapt to the current business environment and were obviously below reasonable expectations. The Task Force and I consider it essential to tackle the problem at source through reshaping the work culture, enhancing the capability of procurement officers in exercising due diligence and empowering officers with sufficient authorities on the regime level. This will help ensure greater effectiveness for officers in handling procurement matters in future, not only serving as advocates of fair competition, but more importantly, as gatekeepers for government procurement.”
 
He stated that the Task Force, since its establishment in August, had been exploring measures to enhance the tendering and procurement regime and procedures. Among them, the Task Force considered that six quick-win measures should be launched sooner to plug loopholes at the earliest time. The FSTB has directed the GLD to implement these six measures immediately. Details are as follows:
 
(1) Promulgate internal guidelines to stipulate specific requirements on due diligence checks: The GLD issued an internal memorandum to government officers in late August to remind them of the aspects in the procurement and contract management processes which require proper due diligence checks. The GLD further promulgated today internal operational guidelines which set out specific requirements and provide detailed guidelines on conducting due diligence checks at various stages, including preparation of tender documents, tender evaluation and contract management, to help procurement officers guard against potential fraudulent acts more effectively;
 
(2) Set up a Procurement and Stores Management Audit Section to step up inspections: The GLD has expanded the functions of its original internal audit team and reorganised it into the Procurement and Stores Management Audit Section starting from October. As a dedicated team for conducting third-party audits, the Section steps up inspections of due diligence work on departments’ procurements under a risk-based approach and reports to the relevant Heads of Departments for attention as appropriate;
 
(3) Revise Standard Terms and Conditions of Tenders and Contracts (STC) to strengthen vetting and contract management power: The GLD has revised the STC today to strengthen the Government’s power in tendering and contract management, including requiring tenderers and contractors to give consent to the Government for verifying directly with third parties the authenticity of information submitted, allowing the Government to conduct site visits during the tender evaluation process and throughout the contract period, etc. The revised STC also empowers the Government to terminate contracts immediately if contractors are found to have made material misrepresentations or provided false information;
 
(4) Establish a digital database for information sharing: Procurement work is not confined to the GLD, as departments may also procure services and goods on their own. To leverage the procurement experience of departments, the GLD established an internal digital database in mid-October to keep collecting from departments information related to contractors’ tendering situations and contract performances. The database serves as a government-wide procurement information portal that can be accessed by procurement officers anytime, assisting them to identify high-risk tenderers in a more effective and timely manner;
 
(5) Strengthen staff training to guard against fraud: The GLD, in collaboration with the Hong Kong Police Force and the Hong Kong Customs and Excise Department, organised five seminars in September. The seminars, with a total attendance of over 750, focused on introducing scam tactics and identification techniques to officers involved in procurement and finance matters for departments to heighten their anti-fraud awareness. Moreover, the GLD is arranging training courses to brief staff thoroughly on the newly issued internal operational guidelines to assist them to grasp the implementation details; and
 
(6) Build a culture of ownership at work: While procurement work requires adherence to rules, proper execution by staff is of the utmost importance. In working out and implementing the various measures, the GLD encouraged staff to offer their views through multiple channels, including two staff engagement sessions held in September to gauge feedback on due diligence work and the relevant procedures to foster a greater sense of involvement and commitment in the enhancement measures among staff and build a culture of ownership at work. The GLD will continue to instil the ownership mindset of “procuring for the people with due diligence and dedication” in the work culture through induction training, regular training activities and staff engagement sessions, etc, such that staff will take ownership of government procurement and be more proactive and prudent.
 
The Task Force is considering other proposals involving a broader scope, and expects to publish a review report before the end of this year to put forward solutions that address both symptoms and root causes, with a view to further enhancing the Government’s procurement work.
 
Separately, the GLD is reviewing in detail the tender requirements of the contract for the supply of bottled drinking water to government offices. In order to keep tabs on the market pulse prior to tendering, the GLD published a market research notice on its website today, inviting interested suppliers to submit responses in a month’s time. The GLD aims to launch the tender exercise for the supply of bottled drinking water to government offices on Hong Kong Island and parts of the outlying islands, with the relevant responses taken into account, by the end of this year.
 
Mr Hui also released today the management letter (at Annex) submitted by the Audit Commission on its review of the tender exercise for the procurement of bottled drinking water. He thanked the Audit Commission for providing numerous recommendations, the directions of which align with the six quick-win measures aforementioned and the long-term enhancement measures being explored by the Task Force. The Task Force will examine the management letter in detail to refine the long-term enhancement measures for announcement before the end of the year.
 
Mr Hui also announced that Ms Alice Lau, Administrative Officer Staff Grade A1, had been invited to conduct a disciplinary investigation on the human errors identified in the management letter.
 
The Task Force on Review of Government Procurement Regime was established in August to review the existing government procurement regime and procedures arising from the incident on the Government’s procurement of bottled drinking water under a cross-bureau and cross-departmental approach. The Task Force is chaired by Mr Hui, with members that include the Permanent Secretary for Financial Services and the Treasury (Treasury), the Director of Government Logistics, and representatives from the Civil Service Bureau, the Commerce and Economic Development Bureau, the Development Bureau and the Department of Justice.

Speech by DSJ at Global Youth Powerhouse Summit 2025 (with photo)

Source: Hong Kong Government special administrative region – 4

     Following is the speech by the Deputy Secretary for Justice, Dr Cheung Kwok-kwan, at the Global Youth Powerhouse Summit 2025 today (October 20):
 
Dr Kevin Lau (Founding Convenor of the Hong Kong Youth Professional Global Advocacy), distinguished guests, young leaders, ladies and gentlemen,

     It is my pleasure to join you all today at the Global Youth Powerhouse Summit 2025. Let me begin by extending my heartfelt congratulations to the Hong Kong Youth Professional Global Advocacy for your unwavering commitment to empowering young talent and building bridges across borders. Bringing together such a vibrant and diverse group from over 30 nationalities is a remarkable achievement and a testament to your vision.

     Standing here in Hong Kong, a city where East meets West, and where tradition meets innovation, I am reminded of our city’s unique role as a global crossroads. Just as Hong Kong has long been connecting people and ideas from across the world, today’s summit brings together bright minds and ambitious spirits, symbolising the energy and promise of Hong Kong and our youth.

     This is a time of both challenges and opportunities for young professionals. The world you are navigating is fast changing. Geopolitical shifts, economic uncertainties, rapid advances in technology, and issues like climate change, gender and public health are reshaping the global landscape. The digital revolution has further hastened the pace and impact of changes. What happens in one corner of the world can quickly ripple across the globe.

     For young people nowadays, these changes may spark unease. But they also create new horizons. For example, in Hong Kong, our city’s unique position under “one country, two systems” gives us unmatched advantages in connecting with both the Mainland and the wider world. With national strategies like the Belt and Road Initiative and the development of the Greater Bay Area, there are new opportunities in fields such as finance, healthcare, technology, and the creative industries. The future is not just something to wait for. It is something our younger generation is already helping to shape.

     But to seize these opportunities, I encourage you to keep an open and forward-looking mindset. Think beyond your own field and even your own city. Engage with the pressing issues of our times, whether it is the rise of AI, the need for sustainable development, or the need to bridge divides among cultures. By telling your stories, listening to and seeking to understand others, you can help build a global community founded on respect, innovation, and shared purposes.

     Let me share a quick example from my own field, the legal profession, which has undergone profound changes thanks to lawtech and AI. Tasks that once took hours, like document review or drafting contracts, can now be completed in minutes. This has brought significant gains in efficiency, affordability, and access to justice. But it also challenges us to rethink our roles and responsibilities, to safeguard trust, privacy, and fairness even as we embrace innovation. 

     Regardless of your professional fields or interests, the lesson is the same: Technology is a powerful tool, but it cannot replace the human qualities that matter most, such as empathy, judgment, and integrity. As you move forward, keep learning, stay open to new ideas, and remember the value of your own voice.

     Dear friends, the future truly is in your hands. Think big, think boldly. Don’t be afraid to reach beyond what seems possible. Your determination and creativity will be the impetus for the future development of our city and the world.

     I wish you all a rewarding and enjoyable Summit. Thank you very much.

  

FS to visit Incheon, Korea and Beijing

Source: Hong Kong Government special administrative region – 4

The Financial Secretary, Mr Paul Chan, will depart in the afternoon today (October 20) for Korea to attend the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Finance Ministers’ Meeting and related events in Incheon. He will then proceed to visit Beijing on October 22.
 
The APEC Finance Ministers’ Meeting this year is themed “Sustainable Growth and Shared Prosperity in the Region”, and will explore topics such as global and regional economic and financial developments, digital finance and fiscal policy. Mr Chan will also attend a joint session of the Finance Ministers’ Meeting and the Structural Reform Ministerial Meeting on October 22 and take part in discussions on regional innovation and digitalisation. While in Incheon, Mr Chan will hold bilateral meetings with officials from other economies to exchange views on issues of mutual concern.
 
Upon completion of his visit to Incheon, Mr Chan will proceed to visit Beijing and return to Hong Kong on October 25. During his absence from Hong Kong, the Deputy Financial Secretary, Mr Michael Wong, will act as Financial Secretary.

Unemployment rate rises to 3.9%

Source: Hong Kong Information Services

The seasonally adjusted unemployment rate increased from 3.7% in June to August to 3.9% in July to September, the Census & Statistics Department announced today.

The underemployment rate remained at 1.6%.

Total employment was 3,674,500, down 6,100 from June to August, while the labour force also decreased by around 1,500 to 3,830,100.

While noting the continued expansion of the Hong Kong economy is expected to support job growth, Secretary for Labour & Welfare Chris Sun said the employment situation in some sectors would continue to face challenges during economic restructuring, adding that the increasing external uncertainties could weigh on corporate hiring sentiment.

“The Government will continue to closely monitor the labour market situation and facilitate job-seeking through enhancing dissemination of employment information.”

Legal practice training course opens

Source: Hong Kong Information Services

Secretary for Justice Paul Lam today spoke at the opening ceremony of the Legal Practice Training Course for Chinese Enterprises Going Overseas, organised by the Hong Kong International Legal Talents Training Academy.

Mr Lam said with the high-quality development of the national economy, an increasing number of outstanding Mainland enterprises are actively expanding to overseas markets, while at the same time facing many challenges.

He expressed hope that the training course would enable participants to comprehensively understand current trends in overseas expansion, keep abreast of evolving legal and regulatory challenges, and effectively tackle the complex issues encountered by enterprises when “going overseas”.

Over 30 legal advisers and related professionals from state-owned enterprises will explore the practical and imminent legal issues and challenges faced by Mainland enterprises going global, in the course that officially started today.

The lectures’ speakers include experienced legal professionals from Hong Kong and overseas, as well as members of the Hong Kong International Legal Talents Training Expert Committee.

The academy also invited more than 10 senior legal practitioners from 12 jurisdictions in Southeast Asia, the Middle East and Africa, to share their first-hand experiences and insights in the local markets with participants.

Director of Health attends WHO Western Pacific Regional Committee meeting and DH elected as official rapporteur for current session (with photos)

Source: Hong Kong Government special administrative region

     â€‹The Director of Health, Dr Ronald Lam, today (October 20) led a delegation from the Department of Health (DH) to attend the meeting of the 76th session of the World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Committee for the Western Pacific in Fiji. He engaged in in-depth discussions with representatives from other countries and regions on major health issues of common concern. They explored practical response strategies and ways to strengthen the resilience of health systems. Dr Lam also shared on public health and medical reforms and achievements in Hong Kong, China.
 
     During the opening session today, Dr Lam reported on the latest developments and challenges in public health in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR). “The HKSAR has established a resilient public health system. We have enjoyed one of the best indices in terms of life expectancies, maternal and infant mortality rates, etc, as well as quality healthcare services. These achievements are attributed to a solid foundation established across various public health areas, including disease surveillance, disease prevention, and responsive medical services. At the same time, the HKSAR shares many challenges with other member states of the WHO, such as an ageing population, the ongoing strain on the healthcare workforce, the dual threats of non-communicable diseases and communicable diseases, and rising healthcare expenditure,” Dr Lam said.
 
     To address the abovementioned issues, “The Chief Executive’s 2025 Policy Address” announced that Hong Kong, China is deepening its healthcare reform and enhancing the sustainability of the Hong Kong healthcare system through a series of measures. These include enhancing the public healthcare system, promoting healthcare manpower development, strengthening primary healthcare services, enhancing cancer prevention, screening, diagnosis and treatment, promoting the development of Chinese Medicine (CM), promoting mental health, and developing an international health and medical innovation hub.
 
     “Hong Kong, China is pressing ahead with targeted, far-reaching health reforms. We are transforming our primary health care from a treatment focus to a prevention focus and tailoring it to individual health needs; exploring systemic solutions to alleviate healthcare workforce pressures; accelerating the responsible adoption of artificial intelligence and smart and digital healthcare systems to enhance the efficiency and coverage of our services; taking forward health promotion and disease prevention initiatives in a life-course approach; and mobilising resources to tackle health issues of vulnerable groups,” Dr Lam added.
 
     He emphasised that the theme of the WHO Western Pacific Region, “Weaving Health for Families, Communities and Societies in the Western Pacific Region (2025-2029)”, closely aligns with the healthcare reform objectives outlined in “The Chief Executive’s 2025 Policy Address”. Hong Kong, China will continue to collaborate closely with the WHO to advance global and Western Pacific regional health objectives.
 
     The five-day meeting runs until October 24. During the meeting, participants will also discuss mental and psychological health care, the impact of climate change on health system safety and resilience, oral health, alcohol control, artificial intelligence in healthcare systems, hypertension control, safer surgery and tobacco control, among other topics. The Controller of Regulatory Affairs of the DH, Dr Fung Ying, will introduce the HKSAR’s new phase of tobacco control measures at the meeting. The DH was unanimously elected by all member states and regions of the WHO Western Pacific Region to serve as the official rapporteur for this session, responsible for ensuring that the resolutions adequately reflect the views of member states and regions to promote the effective implementation of the regional programme.
 
     With the support of the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, the DH has actively collaborated with and supported the WHO in addressing various public health challenges and contributing to global public health over the years. The DH has been designated by the WHO as a Collaborating Centre for Traditional Medicine and a Collaborating Centre for Smoking Cessation and Treatment of Tobacco Dependence, assisting the WHO in formulating global strategies for traditional medicine. Furthermore, the DH regularly provides training programmes on tobacco control and training in smoking cessation treatment for healthcare professionals as well as tobacco control and smoking cessation practitioners in the HKSAR, on the Chinese Mainland and throughout the entire Western Pacific Region. The DH also conducts CM Acupuncture Smoking Cessation Training Workshops to help frontline CM practitioners enhance their knowledge and skills in delivering cessation treatment. Regarding training, to date, over 1 000 individuals have participated in these programmes and training. Additionally, the WHO has designated the Public Health Laboratory Services Branch of the Centre for Health Protection of the DH as a reference laboratory for various communicable diseases, including tuberculosis, measles/rubella, influenza A (H5), SARS and COVID-19, making significant contributions to fighting epidemics worldwide.
 
     With the support of the Central Government and under the “one country, two systems” principle, the DH will continue to maintain close liaison with the WHO member states and regions on various public health protection issues. Through multilateral collaboration and consensus-building, the DH will further enhance and safeguard overall public health in the region.

     

FS to visit Incheon, Beijing

Source: Hong Kong Information Services

Financial Secretary Paul Chan will depart today for Korea to attend the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Finance Ministers’ Meeting and related events in Incheon, and will proceed to Beijing for a visit on Wednesday.

The theme of the APEC meeting is “Sustainable Growth & Shared Prosperity in the Region”, and will explore topics such as global and regional economic and financial developments, digital finance and fiscal policy.

While in Incheon, Mr Chan will also hold bilateral meetings with officials from other economies to discuss issues of mutual concern.

Upon completion of the visits to Incheon and Beijing, he will return to Hong Kong on Saturday.

During Mr Chan’s absence, Deputy Financial Secretary Michael Wong will be Acting Secretary.

CAD follows up on airport accident

Source: Hong Kong Information Services

The Transport & Logistics Bureau expressed deep concern over an accident at Hong Kong International Airport in the early hours of today, where a cargo aircraft ditched into the sea.

The four crew members on board were rescued and sent to hospital.

The bureau said it is saddened by the loss of two ground staff members in the accident and extended its deepest condolences to their families.

 

The cargo aircraft concerned, arriving from Al Maktoum International Airport, United Arab Emirates, had deviated from the North Runway after landing and ditched into the sea.

The Civil Aviation Department is following up with the relevant parties at the airport, including the airline.

The department has also reported the incident to the Air Accident Investigation Authority in accordance with the established mechanism, and is sparing no effort to support the investigation.

241 Foreign Motorists With Outstanding Fines Stopped At Land Checkpoints From 6 To 8 Oct 2025

Source: Government of Singapore

JOINT NEWS RELEASE BETWEEN SPF, ICA, HDB, LTA, NEA AND URA 

Singapore, 17 October 2025 – More than $619,000 in outstanding summonses were recovered from 241 foreign motorists during a multi-agency operation conducted from 6 to 8 October 2025. During the operation, foreign motorists with outstanding fines were stopped and directed to settle their fines for vehicular and traffic offences when they entered Singapore at the land checkpoints. The operation was led by the Traffic Police (TP) and supported by officers from the Immigration & Checkpoints Authority, Housing & Development Board, Land Transport Authority, National Environment Agency, and the Urban Redevelopment Authority.

2                 Singapore takes a serious view of foreign motorists who have committed offences in Singapore, and do not settle their fines. Singapore authorities regularly conduct operations against foreign motorists who commit offences in Singapore and do not settle their fines. Foreign motorists with outstanding fines for traffic, parking, or vehicular emissions offences may be denied entry into Singapore.

3                All motorists are required to abide by Singapore laws and play their part in building a positive road safety culture. This includes the following:

  • Adhering to speed limits
  • Obeying traffic signals
  • Paying ERP and parking charges
  • Parking legally
  • Driving a vehicle that complies with vehicle emissions limit

4         Foreign motorists are strongly advised to check if they have any outstanding fines at www.axs.com.sg. Payment of the fines can be made via the following channels (a detailed list of payment options applicable to the respective agencies is listed in Annex A):

(a)   AXS kiosks, AXS website and AXS mobile app;

(b)   Respective agencies’ websites; or

(c)   Respective agencies’ customer service counters

5               Foreign motorists who wish to seek clarifications on their offences may contact the relevant agencies (refer to Annex A). 

~~ End ~~

For more information, please submit your enquiries electronically via the Online Feedback Form or myENV mobile application.

 

Annex A

Contact Details and Payment Options for Foreign Vehicles with Outstanding Offences

Traffic Police (TP)

  • Tel: 6547 0000
  • AXS kiosks, AXS website and AXS mobile app (Singapore-issued credit/debit cards)
  • TP’s website:

SPF | Check Outstanding Traffic Offences and Pay Traffic Fines

  • TP’s customer service counter (Cashcard, NETS, and Singapore-issued credit/debit cards)

Housing & Development Board (HDB)

  • AXS kiosks, AXS website and AXS mobile app (NETS, e-NETS, DBS Paylah!, Paynow QR and Singapore-issued credit/debit cards)

HDB’s website:

http://go.gov.sg/hdb-parking-fine (NETS, PayNow, and Singapore and foreign-issued credit/debit cards)

  • HDB cash payment kiosks at various locations (http://go.gov.sg/hdb-cash-payment-kiosks)

Land Transport Authority (LTA)

  • Tel: 1800 225 5582
  • AXS kiosks, AXS website and AXS mobile app (Singapore-issued credit/debit cards)
  • OneMotoring website:

https://vrl.lta.gov.sg/lta/vrl/action/pubfunc?ID+=EnquireOffence

National Environment Agency (NEA)

  • Tel: 6225 5632
  • AXS kiosks, AXS website and AXS mobile app (Singapore-issued credit/debit cards)
  • SingPost Post Offices (Cash, NETS, NETS Flashpay and Singapore-issued credit/debit cards)
  • SingPost mobile application and https://mysam.singpost.com
  • NEA’s website: https://go.gov.sg/nea-payment

Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA)

  • Tel: 6329 3434
  • AXS kiosks, AXS website and AXS mobile app (Singapore-issued credit/debit cards and foreign-issued credit cards)
  • URA’s website:

https://go.gov.sg/ura-pf (eNETS, PayNow, Singapore and foreign-issued credit/debit cards)

 

Annex B

A Traffic Police officer engaging two motorists on their outstanding fines.

The enforcement operation was led by the Traffic Police and supported by officers from the Immigration & Checkpoints Authority, Housing & Development Board, Land Transport Authority, National Environment Agency, and Urban Redevelopment Authority.

A Traffic Police officer engaging a motorist on his outstanding fines.

The Traffic Police officer providing information on payment locations and available payment methods for settling outstanding fines

 

 

Court users may use iCMS for personal injuries cases in High Court and seek technical assistance on case initiation

Source: Hong Kong Government special administrative region

The following is issued on behalf of the Judiciary:
 
     The Judiciary announced that starting from October 30, the integrated Court Case Management System (iCMS) will be extended (Note) to cover personal injuries cases (HCPI) in the Court of First Instance of the High Court.
 
     The iCMS provides a series of electronic services, including sending and receiving case-specific court documents to and from the courts (e-filing), inspecting or searching filed documents and other case-related information held by the courts, searching cause books, and making payments for court services. The Judiciary is planning to make it mandatory for all legally represented parties to use e-filing under the iCMS (where available) as from the latter half of 2026.
    
     With the iCMS, there is no need to visit the High Court Building to scan (this function is available to Litigants-in-Person only) and upload the electronic copy of the document to be filed using the self-service kiosks located at the Resource Centre for Unrepresented Litigants or make payments in the Accounts Office for paper filing.
 
     To facilitate law firms’ early migration from conventional paper mode to the iCMS in preparation for mandatory use in 2026, the Judiciary is inviting all law firms to make an appointment with the Judiciary for technical assistance on using the iCMS, either at the High Court Building or their own offices, when they are initiating a new case of an iCMS-enabled case type (including HCPI upon its rollout on October 30) for the first time. Taking into account the law firms’ response and available resources, the Judiciary may require all law firms initiating a new case through paper filing to go through this assisted e-filing process for the purpose of enhancing training on iCMS before mandatory e-filing. To encourage migration to the iCMS, a 20 per cent concession is offered to iCMS users for three years on fee items of the High Court that are primarily or directly related to the electronic handling of court documents.
 
     Eligible users, including parties of ongoing or new e-proceedings and their legal representatives (if any), need to register for a user account to access the full range of services under the iCMS. Unregistered users can only use limited iCMS services, mainly searching for electronic documents that are open to public inspection. Registration is free of charge.
     
     The iCMS can be accessed using personal computers or mobile devices with an Internet connection, commonly used operating systems and browsers. It operates around the clock, except during system maintenance. Any e-filing and e-payment received under the iCMS after the registry and the accounts office are normally closed to the public (i.e. after 5.30pm on a working day) will be deemed to be received at the start of the normal opening hours of the registry and the accounts office on the following working day.
    
     For more details about the iCMS, including its technical requirements, please visit the dedicated webpage on e-Courts of the Judiciary website at www.judiciary.hk/en/e_courts/index.html.
 
     For enquiries, please call the general enquiry hotline at 2477 1002 or the technical helpline at 2886 6474, email enquiry@judiciary.hk, or visit the Help Centre at 5/F, Wanchai Tower, 12 Harbour Road, Wan Chai.

Note: The iCMS application currently covers personal injury actions, tax claim proceedings, civil action proceedings and employees’ compensation cases in the District Court, summons cases in the Magistrates’ Courts, bulk claims in the Small Claims Tribunal, and selected case types of civil proceedings of the High Court, including civil appeal cases (CACV) in the Court of Appeal and commercial cases (HCCL), construction and arbitration cases (HCCT) and intellectual property cases (HCIP) in the Court of First Instance.